Ánh sáng là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Ánh sáng

Giới thiệu về phép biến đổi

Phép biến đổi là khái niệm trung tâm trong toán học và khoa học kỹ thuật, mô tả quá trình ánh xạ hoặc chuyển đổi một đối tượng từ không gian này sang không gian khác. Qua phép biến đổi, ta có thể biểu diễn và phân tích các cấu trúc toán học, mô hình vật lý hoặc tín hiệu thực tế dưới dạng thuận lợi hơn cho tính toán, xử lý hoặc giải tích. Trong lĩnh vực xử lý tín hiệu và hình ảnh, phép biến đổi giúp tách thành phần tần số, nén dữ liệu, và khử nhiễu một cách hiệu quả. Ứng dụng trong mật mã học tận dụng tính chất một chiều hoặc khó đảo ngược của một số phép biến đổi để bảo mật thông tin.

Trong toán học hiện đại, phép biến đổi xuất hiện ở hầu hết các ngành: đại số tuyến tính, giải tích hàm, phương trình vi phân, hình học giải tích và lý thuyết nhóm. Mỗi loại phép biến đổi mở rộng khả năng mô hình hóa và giải quyết vấn đề trong các bài toán phức tạp. Chẳng hạn, biến đổi Laplace và Fourier là công cụ không thể thiếu trong phân tích hệ thống động lực và lý thuyết điều khiển, còn biến đổi wavelet được ưa chuộng trong phân tích đa tỉ lệ và xử lý ảnh số.

Bảng dưới đây tổng hợp một số lĩnh vực ứng dụng chính của phép biến đổi:

Lĩnh vực	Ứng dụng phép biến đổi
Xử lý tín hiệu	Biến đổi Fourier phân tích phổ, lọc nhiễu
Xử lý ảnh	Biến đổi wavelet, nén JPEG2000
Mật mã học	Hàm băm, biến đổi modular
Lý thuyết điều khiển	Biến đổi Laplace thiết kế bộ điều khiển

Định nghĩa chung của phép biến đổi

Về bản chất, phép biến đổi là một ánh xạ toán học $T$ giữa hai tập hoặc hai không gian xác định. Ký hiệu chung cho phép biến đổi là

$T: X \to Y,\quad x \mapsto T(x)$

trong đó $X$ và $Y$ có thể là các tập con của số thực, không gian vectơ, không gian hàm, hoặc không gian đa chiều tuân theo các cấu trúc đại số khác nhau. Tùy thuộc tính chất của $T$, ta phân biệt một số loại ánh xạ:

• Đơn ánh (injective): Không hai phần tử khác nhau cùng ánh xạ về một ảnh.
• Toàn ánh (surjective): Mọi phần tử trong $Y$ đều là ảnh của ít nhất một phần tử trong $X$.
• Song ánh (bijective): Vừa đơn ánh vừa toàn ánh; tồn tại ánh xạ ngược $T^{-1}:Y\to X$.

Trong nhiều trường hợp, sự tồn tại của $T^{-1}$ là điều kiện để phép biến đổi có thể đảo ngược, cho phép phục hồi dữ liệu gốc sau khi tính toán hoặc xử lý.

Các loại phép biến đổi cơ bản

Có nhiều loại phép biến đổi được nghiên cứu và ứng dụng rộng rãi, trong đó các nhóm chính bao gồm:

• Phép biến đổi tuyến tính (linear transformation): Ánh xạ giữa hai không gian vectơ tuân theo tính chất cộng và nhân vô hướng.
• Phép biến đổi affine: Tổ hợp của phép biến đổi tuyến tính và phép tịnh tiến.
• Phép biến đổi tích phân: Như biến đổi Fourier và Laplace, ánh xạ hàm sang miền tần số hoặc miền phức.
• Phép biến đổi đạo hàm – tích phân: Biến đổi hàm thành đạo hàm hoặc tích phân của nó.
• Phép biến đổi tọa độ: Quay, tịnh tiến, đối xứng trong hình học giải tích.

Bảng so sánh sơ lược:

Loại	Đặc điểm	Ví dụ
Tuyến tính	Tuân theo $T(av + bw)=aT(v)+bT(w)$	Ma trận nhân vectơ
Affine	Có dạng $x\mapsto A x + b$	Biến đổi hình ảnh
Tích phân	Định nghĩa qua tích phân với nhân tử hàm mũ	Fourier, Laplace
Đạo hàm/tích phân	Biến đổi hàm thành đạo hàm hoặc tích phân	$D[f]=f'$, $I[f]=\int f$

Phép biến đổi tuyến tính

Phép biến đổi tuyến tính $T: V \to W$ giữa hai không gian vectơ trên cùng trường số thỏa mãn hai tính chất cơ bản:

• $T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)$ với mọi $u,v \in V$.
• $T(\alpha\,v) = \alpha\,T(v)$ với mọi $v \in V$, $\alpha$ là số vô hướng.

Ma trận biểu diễn $T$ khi chọn cơ sở $\{e_i\}$ của $V$ và $\{f_j\}$ của $W$ được xác định qua hệ số $a_{ji}$ sao cho

$T(e_i) = \sum_j a_{ji} f_j.$

Định thức, hạng và không gian riêng (eigenvalues, eigenvectors) của ma trận này cung cấp thông tin quan trọng về tính chất thuận nghịch, co giãn, và hướng bất biến của phép biến đổi.

Phép biến đổi affine

Phép biến đổi affine là tổ hợp của phép biến đổi tuyến tính và phép tịnh tiến, cho phép mô tả các phép quay, co giãn không qua gốc tọa độ và dịch chuyển toàn cục. Dạng tổng quát:

$f(x) = A\,x + b,\quad A\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n},\ b\in\mathbb{R}^n$

Trong đồ họa máy tính, phép biến đổi affine được dùng để thao tác hình ảnh, mô hình 2D/3D, và tạo hiệu ứng chuyển động. Trong phân tích dữ liệu không gian, affine giúp chuyển đổi hệ tọa độ và chuẩn hóa dữ liệu.

• Phép tịnh tiến: $x \mapsto x + b$.
• Phép co giãn/kéo dài: $x\mapsto D\,x$ với D là ma trận đường chéo.
• Phép quay: $x\mapsto R\,x$ với R là ma trận trực giao.

Bảng minh họa một số phép affine điển hình trong 2D:

Loại	Ma trận A	Vector b
Tịnh tiến	$\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}$	$\begin{pmatrix}t_x\\t_y\end{pmatrix}$
Co giãn	$\begin{pmatrix}s_x&0\\0&s_y\end{pmatrix}$	$\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\end{pmatrix}$
Quay góc θ	$\begin{pmatrix}\cosθ&-\,\sinθ\\\sinθ&\cosθ\end{pmatrix}$	$\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\end{pmatrix}$

Phép biến đổi Fourier và Laplace

Biến đổi Fourier và Laplace là công cụ chủ lực trong phân tích tín hiệu và giải tích hệ động lực. Chúng ánh xạ tín hiệu thời gian sang miền tần số hay miền phức, cho phép nghiên cứu phổ năng lượng và đáp ứng tần số.

Định nghĩa biến đổi Fourier liên tục:

$\mathcal{F}\{f(t)\}(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t)\,e^{-i\omega t}\,dt$

Với biến đổi Laplace:

$\mathcal{L}\{f(t)\}(s) = \int_{0}^{\infty} f(t)\,e^{-s t}\,dt$

Ứng dụng:

• Xử lý tín hiệu: Lọc thông thấp, thông cao.
• Phân tích mạch điện: Đáp ứng chuyển mạch, ổn định hệ thống.
• Giải phương trình vi phân: Sử dụng bảng biến đổi để tìm nghiệm.

Ví dụ bảng chuyển đổi cơ bản:

Hàm f(t)	$\mathcal{F}\{f\}(\omega)$	$\mathcal{L}\{f\}(s)$
1	2π δ(ω)	1/s
$e^{-at}$, $a>0$	1/(a + iω)	1/(s + a)
$\sin(ω_0 t)$	π[δ(ω-ω₀)-δ(ω+ω₀)]	ω₀/(s²+ω₀²)

Phép biến đổi đạo hàm và tích phân

Đạo hàm và tích phân có thể coi là các phép biến đổi cơ bản nhất trong giải tích. Đạo hàm $D$ là ánh xạ:

$D[f](x) = \frac{d}{dx}f(x)$

Phép tích phân bất định $I$:

I[f](x) = \int_{x_0}^{x} f(t)\,dt\end{script>

Chúng thỏa mãn tính chất tuyến tính và là hai phép biến đổi ngược nhau trên các hàm thích hợp. Trong giải tích số, phép biến đổi này được số hóa qua sai phân hữu hạn và tích phân số.

• Định lý cơ bản của giải tích kết nối đạo hàm – tích phân.
• Biến đổi Abel, biến đổi Tikhonov dùng trong giải bài toán ngược.

Tính chất cơ bản và các định lý

Các phép biến đổi thường có những tính chất chung:

• Tính tuyến tính: $T(f+g)=T(f)+T(g)</span>, <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>α</mi><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>α</mi><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T(\alpha f)=\alpha T(f)</annotation></semantics></math></span></span>. </p><li>Độ thuận nghịch: Sự tồn tại <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T^{-1}</annotation></semantics></math></span></span> khi <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T</annotation></semantics></math></span></span> song ánh.</li> <li>Phép biến đổi đối xứng và đồng nhất theo không gian/hàm.</li> <p>Các định lý quan trọng:</p> <ul> <li>Định lý Parseval – Plancherel: Bảo toàn năng lượng giữa miền thời gian và miền tần số, ứng dụng cho biến đổi Fourier.</li> <li>Định lý chồng phép: <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="script">F</mi><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mi mathvariant="script">F</mi><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">}</mo><mo stretchy="false">}</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal{F}\{\mathcal{F}\{f\}\}(t) = 2π f(-t)</annotation></semantics></math></span></span>.</li> <li>Định lý hoán vị: Biến đổi tích phân – đạo hàm cho phép đổi thứ tự phép tính dưới điều kiện hội tụ.</li> </ul> <h2>Ứng dụng của phép biến đổi</h2> <p>Phép biến đổi có mặt khắp nơi trong khoa học và kỹ thuật:</p> <ul> <li>Xử lý tín hiệu số và analog: Lọc, nén, khôi phục dữ liệu.</li> <li>Xử lý ảnh và thị giác máy tính: Nhận diện biên, nén JPEG2000, khử nhiễu.</li> <li>Giải tích hệ điều khiển: Thiết kế bộ điều khiển PID, đáp ứng tần số.</li> <li>Mật mã học: Hàm băm, biến đổi modular, phép nhân đa thức trong đa thức hữu hạn.</li> <li>Tính toán lượng tử: Biến đổi Fourier lượng tử trong thuật toán Shor.</li> </ul> <h2>Xu hướng nghiên cứu và phát triển</h2> <p>Hiện nay, biến đổi wavelet và đa tỉ lệ trở thành công cụ phân tích tín hiệu phi tần số, hỗ trợ xử lý tín hiệu thời gian – tần số. Các phép biến đổi phi tuyến và phân tích sparse coding giúp khai thác cấu trúc dữ liệu cao cấp trong học máy.</p> <p>Các nghiên cứu mới đang mở rộng phép biến đổi sang không gian đồ thị (<em>graph Fourier transform</em>), xử lý tín hiệu phi cấu trúc. Ứng dụng vào phân tích mạng xã hội, phân tích tín hiệu sinh học trên đồ thị gen, và xử lý dữ liệu sensor mạng lưới.</p> <h2>Tài liệu tham khảo</h2> <ol> <li>MIT OpenCourseWare. Linear Algebra. <a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></li> <li>Khan Academy. Fourier Transform. <a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/math/fourier-analysis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link</a></li> <li>Bracewell, R. (2000). <em>The Fourier Transform and Its Applications</em>. McGraw-Hill.</li> <li>Doetsch, G. (1974). <em>Introduction to the Theory and Application of the Laplace Transformation</em>. Springer.</li> <li>Trefethen, L. N., &amp; Bau, D. (1997). <em>Numerical Linear Algebra</em>. SIAM.</li> <li>Stein, E., &amp; Shakarchi, R. (2003). <em>Fourier Analysis: An Introduction</em>. Princeton University Press.</li> </ol> </div></div><div class="el-divider el-divider--horizontal" style="--el-border-style:solid;" role="separator"><!--v-if--></div><h2>Các bài báo, nghiên cứu, công bố khoa học về chủ đề ánh sáng:</h2><div><div><!--[--><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Electrophoretic-transfer-of-proteins-from-polyacrylamide-gels-to-nitrocellulose-sheets-procedure-and-some-applications-/45540117-5ec6-4e84-8ac0-d1de671a48a8" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Chuyển giao điện di của protein từ gel polyacrylamide sang tấm nitrocellulose: Quy trình và một số ứng dụng.</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</span> - </span> Tập 76 Số 9 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 4350-4354</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 1979</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p>Một phương pháp đã được đưa ra để chuyển giao điện di protein từ gel polyacrylamide sang tấm nitrocellulose. Phương pháp này cho phép chuyển giao định lượng protein ribosome từ gel có chứa ure. Đối với gel natri dodecyl sulfate, mô hình ban đầu của dải vẫn giữ nguyên mà không mất độ phân giải, nhưng việc chuyển giao không hoàn toàn định lượng. Phương pháp này cho phép phát hiện protein bằn...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #chuyển giao điện di<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #protein ribosome<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #gel polyacrylamide<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #nitrocellulose<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #ure<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #natri dodecyl sulfate<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #chụp ảnh phóng xạ tự động<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #miễn dịch học<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #kháng thể đặc hiệu<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #detection<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #peroxidase<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #phân tích protein.<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 54544<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/The-Montreal-Cognitive-Assessment-MoCA-A-Brief-Screening-Tool-For-Mild-Cognitive-Impairment/179eccb5-557f-474e-b2cf-526901f43ec1" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Đánh giá nhận thức Montreal, MoCA: Công cụ sàng lọc ngắn gọn cho suy giảm nhận thức nhẹ</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</span> - </span> Tập 53 Số 4 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 695-699</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2005</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p><jats:bold>Mục tiêu: </jats:bold> Phát triển một công cụ sàng lọc nhận thức kéo dài 10 phút (Đánh giá Nhận thức Montreal, MoCA) để hỗ trợ các bác sĩ tuyến đầu trong việc phát hiện suy giảm nhận thức nhẹ (MCI), một trạng thái lâm sàng thường tiến triển thành sa sút trí tuệ.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Thiết kế: </jats:bold> Nghiên cứu xác thực.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Địa điểm: </jats:bol...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 19076<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Visible-Light-Photocatalysis-in-Nitrogen-Doped-Titanium-Oxides/2afa1b4d-a992-4122-9d71-01f53d7dbbaf" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Quang Xúc Tác Ánh Sáng Thấy Được Trong Ôxít Titan Bổ Sung Nitơ</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)</span> - </span> Tập 293 Số 5528 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 269-271</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2001</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p> Để sử dụng hiệu quả bức xạ ánh sáng mặt trời hoặc ánh sáng trong nhà, chúng tôi đã tìm kiếm một quang xúc tác có độ phản ứng cao dưới ánh sáng nhìn thấy. Các màng và bột của TiO<jats:sub>2-<jats:italic>x</jats:italic></jats:sub>N<jats:sub><jats:italic>x</jats:italic></jats:sub> đã cho thấy sự cải thiện so với điôxít titan (TiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) dưới ánh sáng nhìn thấy (bước sóng &lt;...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Quang xúc tác<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Ôxít titan<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Nitơ<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Ánh sáng nhìn thấy<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Xúc tác quang học<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Photodegradation<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Methylene blue<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Acetaldehyde<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Quang phổ xạ tia X<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 11720<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1061051" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Classification-of-subtype-of-acute-ischemic-stroke-Definitions-for-use-in-a-multicenter-clinical-trial-TOAST-Trial-of-Org-10172-in-Acute-Stroke-Treatment-/9417d56f-84d5-42dc-89a1-55311e9173c4" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Phân loại các phân nhóm đột quỵ nhồi máu não cấp. Định nghĩa phục vụ cho thử nghiệm lâm sàng đa trung tâm. TOAST. Thử nghiệm Org 10172 trong Việc Điều Trị Đột Quỵ Cấp.</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Stroke</span> - </span> Tập 24 Số 1 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 35-41</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 1993</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p>Nguyên nhân học của đột quỵ thiếu máu não ảnh hưởng đến tiên lượng, kết quả và việc quản lý. Các thử nghiệm điều trị cho bệnh nhân đột quỵ cấp nên bao gồm đo lường các phản ứng bị ảnh hưởng bởi phân nhóm của đột quỵ thiếu máu não. Một hệ thống phân loại các phân nhóm đột quỵ thiếu máu não chủ yếu dựa trên nguyên nhân học đã được phát triển cho Thử nghiệm Org 10172 trong Việc Điều Trị Đột Q...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Đột quỵ thiếu máu não cấp<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #phân loại TOAST<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #thử nghiệm lâm sàng<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #chẩn đoán phụ trợ<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #các phân nhóm đột quỵ<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #huyết tắc<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #xơ vữa động mạch<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #tắc vi mạch<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #đánh giá lâm sàng.<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 10670<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.STR.24.1.35" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/A-guided-tour-into-subcellular-colocalization-analysis-in-light-microscopy/257e277a-ef95-435e-ae57-bd55771afb2a" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Một chuyến tham quan có hướng dẫn về phân tích đồng địa điểm trong vi kính ánh sáng</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Journal of Microscopy</span> - </span> Tập 224 Số 3 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 213-232</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2006</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:title>Tóm tắt</jats:title><jats:p>Chúng ta thường chấp nhận rằng việc phân chia chức năng của tế bào eukaryotic được phản ánh qua sự xuất hiện khác nhau của các protein trong các bào quan của chúng. Vị trí và chức năng sinh lý của một protein có mối quan hệ chặt chẽ; thông tin địa phương về một protein do đó là rất quan trọng để hiểu vai trò của nó trong các quá trình sinh học. Việc hình dun...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #phân tích đồng địa điểm<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #tế bào eukaryotic<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #kính hiển vi huỳnh quang<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #phương pháp thống kê<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #JACoP<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 4612<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01706.x" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Clinical-Rating-Systems-for-the-Ankle-Hindfoot-Midfoot-Hallux-and-Lesser-Toes/09a73efe-e7fc-409f-98fa-4978b54d3275" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Các hệ thống đánh giá lâm sàng cho mắt cá chân, vùng phía sau mắt cá chân, vùng giữa bàn chân, ngón cái và các ngón chân khác</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Foot and Ankle International</span> - </span> Tập 15 Số 7 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 349-353</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 1994</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p> Bốn hệ thống đánh giá đã được Hiệp hội Chỉnh hình Chân và Mắt cá chân Hoa Kỳ phát triển nhằm cung cấp một phương pháp tiêu chuẩn để báo cáo tình trạng lâm sàng của mắt cá chân và bàn chân. Các hệ thống này kết hợp cả các yếu tố chủ quan và khách quan vào các thang điểm số để mô tả chức năng, sự căn chỉnh và cơn đau.</jats:p></span><!----></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 4268<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/107110079401500701" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/American-Society-of-Clinical-Oncology-College-of-American-Pathologists-Guideline-Recommendations-for-Immunohistochemical-Testing-of-Estrogen-and-Progesterone-Receptors-in-Breast-Cancer/6c456644-f222-48f7-b48e-a8f3b72b1b95" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Khuyến nghị hướng dẫn của Hiệp hội Ung thư lâm sàng Hoa Kỳ/Trường Đại học bệnh học Hoa Kỳ về xét nghiệm mô hóa miễn dịch thụ thể estrogen và progesterone trong ung thư vú</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)</span> - </span> Tập 28 Số 16 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 2784-2795</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2010</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:sec><jats:title>Mục đích</jats:title><jats:p>Phát triển một hướng dẫn nhằm cải thiện độ chính xác của xét nghiệm mô hóa miễn dịch (IHC) các thụ thể estrogen (ER) và thụ thể progesterone (PgR) trong ung thư vú và tiện ích của những thụ thể này như là các dấu hiệu dự đoán.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Phương pháp</jats:title><jats:p>Hiệp hội Ung thư lâm sàng Hoa Kỳ và Trường Đại họ...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #hướng dẫn<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #đánh giá<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #thụ thể estrogen<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #thụ thể progesterone<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #tính dự đoán<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #ung thư vú<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #xét nghiệm mô hóa miễn dịch<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #hiệu suất xét nghiệm<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #biến số tiền phân tích<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #tiêu chuẩn diễn giải<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #thuật toán xét nghiệm<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #liệu pháp nội tiết<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #ung thư vú xâm lấn<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #kiểm soát nội bộ<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #kiểm soát ngoại vi.<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 3799<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2009.25.6529" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines-by-the-Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America-for-the-Treatment-of-Methicillin-Resistant-Staphylococcus-aureus-Infections-in-Adults-and-Children/93e36bfd-aa38-4c8a-91b3-b0f8be38ef19" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Hướng dẫn thực hành lâm sàng của Hiệp hội Các bệnh truyền nhiễm Hoa Kỳ về điều trị nhiễm khuẩn Staphylococcus aureus kháng Methicillin ở người lớn và trẻ em</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Clinical Infectious Diseases</span> - </span> Tập 52 Số 3 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang e18-e55</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2011</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:title>Tóm tắt</jats:title><jats:p>Các hướng dẫn dựa trên bằng chứng về quản lý bệnh nhân nhiễm khuẩn Staphylococcus aureus kháng methicillin (MRSA) được chuẩn bị bởi một Hội đồng Chuyên gia của Hiệp hội Bệnh truyền nhiễm Hoa Kỳ (IDSA). Các hướng dẫn này nhằm sử dụng cho các nhân viên y tế chăm sóc người lớn và trẻ em mắc các bệnh nhiễm khuẩn MRSA. Hướng dẫn thảo luận về quản lý một loạt các ...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Quản lý bệnh nhân<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #nhiễm khuẩn MRSA<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #hướng dẫn IDSA<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #quản lý hội chứng lâm sàng<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #liều vancomycin<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #nhạy cảm vancomycin<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #thất bại điều trị.<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 3749<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/52/3/e18/306145" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Candela-class-high-brightness-InGaN-AlGaN-double-heterostructure-blue-light-emitting-diodes/dfe52801-410e-42bb-a743-95b06de3b043" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Điốt phát sáng ánh sáng xanh lớp cường độ sáng cao InGaN/AlGaN kiểu dị thể kép</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Applied Physics Letters</span> - </span> Tập 64 Số 13 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 1687-1689</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 1994</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p>Điốt phát sáng (LEDs) ánh sáng xanh kiểu dị thể kép InGaN/AlGaN lớp cường độ sáng cao đạt được cường độ sáng trên 1 cd đã được chế tạo. Một lớp InGaN pha Zn được sử dụng làm lớp hoạt động cho các điốt này. Công suất đầu ra tiêu biểu đạt 1500 μW và hiệu suất lượng tử bên ngoài cao đến 2,7% ở dòng điện tiếp phía trước 20 mA tại nhiệt độ phòng. Bước sóng đỉnh và chiều rộng phổ tại điểm nửa cư...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Điốt phát sáng<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #dị thể kép InGaN/AlGaN<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #cường độ sáng cao<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #ánh sáng xanh<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #hiệu suất lượng tử<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 3628<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/64/13/1687/1023107/Candela-class-high-brightness-InGaN-AlGaN-double" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/The-Kappa-Statistic-in-Reliability-Studies-Use-Interpretation-and-Sample-Size-Requirements/34029bb9-b8fb-4168-b4b9-c4c323748942" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Thống kê Kappa trong Nghiên cứu Độ tin cậy: Sử dụng, Diễn giải và Yêu cầu về Kích thước Mẫu</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Physical Therapy</span> - </span> Tập 85 Số 3 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 257-268</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2005</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:title>Tóm tắt</jats:title> <jats:p>Mục đích. Bài báo này xem xét và minh họa việc sử dụng và diễn giải thống kê kappa trong nghiên cứu cơ xương khớp. Tóm tắt những điểm chính. Độ tin cậy của đánh giá từ các lâm sàng là một yếu tố quan trọng trong các lĩnh vực như chẩn đoán và diễn giải các phát hiện từ kiểm tra. Thường thì những đánh giá này nằm trên một thang đo danh nghĩa ho...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #thống kê Kappa<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #độ tin cậy<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #nghiên cứu cơ xương khớp<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #kích thước mẫu<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #đánh giá lâm sàng<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 3620<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/85/3/257/2805022" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!--]--></div><div class="el-row is-justify-end" style="" data-v-fa649ea5><!--[--><div class="pagination-container" data-v-fa649ea5><span data-v-fa649ea5> Tổng số: 2,092</span>    <div class="el-pagination is-background" data-v-fa649ea5><button type="button" class="btn-prev is-first" disabled aria-label="Go to previous page" aria-disabled="true"><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><path fill="currentColor" d="M609.408 149.376 277.76 489.6a32 32 0 0 0 0 44.672l331.648 340.352a29.12 29.12 0 0 0 41.728 0 30.592 30.592 0 0 0 0-42.752L339.264 511.936l311.872-319.872a30.592 30.592 0 0 0 0-42.688 29.12 29.12 0 0 0-41.728 0z"></path></svg><!--]--></i></button><ul class="el-pager"><li class="is-active number" aria-current="true" aria-label="page 1" tabindex="0"> 1 </li><!--v-if--><!--[--><li class="number" aria-current="false" aria-label="page 2" tabindex="0">2</li><li class="number" aria-current="false" aria-label="page 3" tabindex="0">3</li><li class="number" aria-current="false" aria-label="page 4" tabindex="0">4</li><li class="number" aria-current="false" aria-label="page 5" tabindex="0">5</li><li class="number" aria-current="false" aria-label="page 6" tabindex="0">6</li><!--]--><li class="more btn-quicknext el-icon" tabindex="0" aria-label="Next 5 pages"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><path fill="currentColor" d="M176 416a112 112 0 1 1 0 224 112 112 0 0 1 0-224m336 0a112 112 0 1 1 0 224 112 112 0 0 1 0-224m336 0a112 112 0 1 1 0 224 112 112 0 0 1 0-224"></path></svg></li><li class="number" aria-current="false" aria-label="page 10" tabindex="0">10</li></ul><button type="button" class="btn-next is-last" aria-label="Go to next page" aria-disabled="false"><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"><path fill="currentColor" d="M340.864 149.312a30.592 30.592 0 0 0 0 42.752L652.736 512 340.864 831.872a30.592 30.592 0 0 0 0 42.752 29.12 29.12 0 0 0 41.728 0L714.24 534.336a32 32 0 0 0 0-44.672L382.592 149.376a29.12 29.12 0 0 0-41.728 0z"></path></svg><!--]--></i></button></div></div><!--]--></div><div></div></div><!--]--></div><div class="el-col el-col-24 el-col-xs-24 el-col-sm-24 el-col-md-7 is-guttered" style="padding-right:10px;padding-left:10px;"><!--[--><h2 class="underline-title">Chủ đề khác</h2><div class="post-page-container"><!--[--><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/chăm sóc sức khoẻ tại nhà" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#chăm sóc sức khoẻ tại nhà<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Chăm sóc sức khoẻ tại nhà là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Chăm sóc sức khoẻ tại nhà</p></a></div><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/cải tạo" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#cải tạo<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Cải tạo là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Cải tạo</p></a></div><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/peptidoglycan" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#peptidoglycan<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Peptidoglycan là gì? Các bài nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan</p></a></div><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/giai đoạn phát triển" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#giai đoạn phát triển<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Giai đoạn phát triển là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học về Giai đoạn phát triển</p></a></div><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/nghiên cứu tổng quan" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#nghiên cứu tổng quan<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Nghiên cứu tổng quan là gì? Các bài báo nghiên cứu khoa học</p></a></div><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/remdesivir" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#remdesivir<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Remdesivir là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Remdesivir</p></a></div><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/linh trưởng" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#linh trưởng<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Linh trưởng là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học về Linh trưởng</p></a></div><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/cấu trúc đông đặc" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#cấu trúc đông đặc<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Cấu trúc đông đặc là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan</p></a></div><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/phụ nữ sau sinh" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#phụ nữ sau sinh<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Phụ nữ sau sinh là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan</p></a></div><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/tỷ lệ tái phát" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#tỷ lệ tái phát<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>Tỷ lệ tái phát là gì? 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Công cụ trợ giúp người nghiên cứu, tạp chí, đơn vị nghiên cứu tra cứu, phân tích và thống kê dữ liệu nghiên cứu khoa học tại Việt Nam và quốc tế. <br data-v-3f34e5e0> ScholarHub KHÔNG đăng thông tin tổng hợp, KHÔNG đăng lại nội dung từ các trang báo chí Việt Nam hoặc trang thông tin điện tử khác tại Việt Nam. </p><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-3f34e5e0><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24 el-col-xs-24 el-col-sm-24 el-col-md-12 el-col-lg-12 link-container" style="" data-v-3f34e5e0><!--[--><h4 data-v-3f34e5e0>Thông tin, cập nhật</h4><p data-v-3f34e5e0><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScPJI8r9B2cFAOO-00E0cAsU1cVnZ1_pk3YaXn5c21vgNrdfQ/viewform?usp=sf_link" target="_blank" data-v-3f34e5e0> Đăng ký Tạp chí tham gia vào Scholar Hub </a></p><p data-v-3f34e5e0><a href="https://forms.gle/bWrbmfR549VNF1UP7" target="_blank" data-v-3f34e5e0>Phản hồi ý kiến về Scholar Hub</a></p><p data-v-3f34e5e0><a href="/post/browse" class="" data-v-3f34e5e0>Bài viết, nội dung cập nhật</a></p><p data-v-3f34e5e0><a href="/topic/browse" class="" data-v-3f34e5e0>Chủ đề khoa học</a></p><!--]--></div><div class="el-col el-col-24 el-col-xs-24 el-col-sm-24 el-col-md-12 el-col-lg-12" style="" data-v-3f34e5e0><!--[--><h4 data-v-3f34e5e0>Website liên kết</h4><p data-v-3f34e5e0><a href="https://scibase.metis.vn" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-v-3f34e5e0>Hệ thống CSDL Khoa học &amp; Công nghệ</a></p><p data-v-3f34e5e0><a href="https://kiemtratailieu.vn" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-v-3f34e5e0>Phần mềm kiểm tra trùng lặp Kiểm Tra Tài Liệu</a></p><p data-v-3f34e5e0><a href="https://vojs.vn" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-v-3f34e5e0>Phần mềm xuất bản tạp chí điện tử VOJS</a></p><p data-v-3f34e5e0><a href="https://letqa.vn" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-v-3f34e5e0>Nền tảng trắc nghiệm và đề thi đa lĩnh vực LetQA</a></p><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><br data-v-3f34e5e0><div class="flex-center" data-v-3f34e5e0><p data-v-3f34e5e0>Copyright © 2023 ScholarHub - Scholar Hub. 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sáng","Ánh sáng là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Ánh sáng","Phép biến đổi là ánh xạ toán học chuyển đổi đối tượng từ không gian này sang không gian khác, giúp mô hình hóa, phân tích và xử lý dữ liệu hiệu quả. Các phép biến đổi như tuyến tính, affine, Fourier, Laplace và đạo hàm–tích phân cung cấp công cụ phân tích tín hiệu, hệ điều khiển và xử lý ảnh. ","\u003Cdiv>\u003Ch2>Giới thiệu về phép biến đổi\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Phép biến đổi là khái niệm trung tâm trong toán học và khoa học kỹ thuật, mô tả quá trình ánh xạ hoặc chuyển đổi một đối tượng từ không gian này sang không gian khác. Qua phép biến đổi, ta có thể biểu diễn và phân tích các cấu trúc toán học, mô hình vật lý hoặc tín hiệu thực tế dưới dạng thuận lợi hơn cho tính toán, xử lý hoặc giải tích. Trong lĩnh vực xử lý tín hiệu và hình ảnh, phép biến đổi giúp tách thành phần tần số, nén dữ liệu, và khử nhiễu một cách hiệu quả. Ứng dụng trong mật mã học tận dụng tính chất một chiều hoặc khó đảo ngược của một số phép biến đổi để bảo mật thông tin.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Trong toán học hiện đại, phép biến đổi xuất hiện ở hầu hết các ngành: đại số tuyến tính, giải tích hàm, phương trình vi phân, hình học giải tích và lý thuyết nhóm. Mỗi loại phép biến đổi mở rộng khả năng mô hình hóa và giải quyết vấn đề trong các bài toán phức tạp. Chẳng hạn, biến đổi Laplace và Fourier là công cụ không thể thiếu trong phân tích hệ thống động lực và lý thuyết điều khiển, còn biến đổi wavelet được ưa chuộng trong phân tích đa tỉ lệ và xử lý ảnh số.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Bảng dưới đây tổng hợp một số lĩnh vực ứng dụng chính của phép biến đổi:\u003C/p>\n\u003Ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n \u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n \u003Cth>Lĩnh vực\u003C/th>\u003Cth>Ứng dụng phép biến đổi\u003C/th>\n \u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\n \u003Ctd>Xử lý tín hiệu\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>Biến đổi Fourier phân tích phổ, lọc nhiễu\u003C/td>\n \u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\n \u003Ctd>Xử lý ảnh\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>Biến đổi wavelet, nén JPEG2000\u003C/td>\n \u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\n \u003Ctd>Mật mã học\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>Hàm băm, biến đổi modular\u003C/td>\n \u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\n \u003Ctd>Lý thuyết điều khiển\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>Biến đổi Laplace thiết kế bộ điều khiển\u003C/td>\n \u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\n\n\u003Ch2>Định nghĩa chung của phép biến đổi\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Về bản chất, phép biến đổi là một ánh xạ toán học \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T\u003C/script> giữa hai tập hoặc hai không gian xác định. Ký hiệu chung cho phép biến đổi là\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T: X \\to Y,\\quad x \\mapsto T(x)\u003C/script>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>trong đó \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">X\u003C/script> và \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">Y\u003C/script> có thể là các tập con của số thực, không gian vectơ, không gian hàm, hoặc không gian đa chiều tuân theo các cấu trúc đại số khác nhau. Tùy thuộc tính chất của \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T\u003C/script>, ta phân biệt một số loại ánh xạ:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Đơn ánh\u003C/strong> (injective): Không hai phần tử khác nhau cùng ánh xạ về một ảnh.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Toàn ánh\u003C/strong> (surjective): Mọi phần tử trong \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">Y\u003C/script> đều là ảnh của ít nhất một phần tử trong \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">X\u003C/script>.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Song ánh\u003C/strong> (bijective): Vừa đơn ánh vừa toàn ánh; tồn tại ánh xạ ngược \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T^{-1}:Y\\to X\u003C/script>.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Trong nhiều trường hợp, sự tồn tại của \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T^{-1}\u003C/script> là điều kiện để phép biến đổi có thể đảo ngược, cho phép phục hồi dữ liệu gốc sau khi tính toán hoặc xử lý.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Các loại phép biến đổi cơ bản\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Có nhiều loại phép biến đổi được nghiên cứu và ứng dụng rộng rãi, trong đó các nhóm chính bao gồm:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Phép biến đổi tuyến tính\u003C/strong> (linear transformation): Ánh xạ giữa hai không gian vectơ tuân theo tính chất cộng và nhân vô hướng.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Phép biến đổi affine\u003C/strong>: Tổ hợp của phép biến đổi tuyến tính và phép tịnh tiến.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Phép biến đổi tích phân\u003C/strong>: Như biến đổi Fourier và Laplace, ánh xạ hàm sang miền tần số hoặc miền phức.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Phép biến đổi đạo hàm – tích phân\u003C/strong>: Biến đổi hàm thành đạo hàm hoặc tích phân của nó.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Phép biến đổi tọa độ\u003C/strong>: Quay, tịnh tiến, đối xứng trong hình học giải tích.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Bảng so sánh sơ lược:\u003C/p>\n\u003Ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n \u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n \u003Cth>Loại\u003C/th>\u003Cth>Đặc điểm\u003C/th>\u003Cth>Ví dụ\u003C/th>\n \u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\n \u003Ctd>Tuyến tính\u003C/td>\n \u003Ctd>Tuân theo \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T(av + bw)=aT(v)+bT(w)\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\n \u003Ctd>Ma trận nhân vectơ\u003C/td>\n \u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\n \u003Ctd>Affine\u003C/td>\n \u003Ctd>Có dạng \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">x\\mapsto A x + b\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\n \u003Ctd>Biến đổi hình ảnh\u003C/td>\n \u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\n \u003Ctd>Tích phân\u003C/td>\n \u003Ctd>Định nghĩa qua tích phân với nhân tử hàm mũ\u003C/td>\n \u003Ctd>Fourier, Laplace\u003C/td>\n \u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\n \u003Ctd>Đạo hàm/tích phân\u003C/td>\n \u003Ctd>Biến đổi hàm thành đạo hàm hoặc tích phân\u003C/td>\n \u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">D[f]=f'\u003C/script>, \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">I[f]=\\int f\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\n \u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\n\n\u003Ch2>Phép biến đổi tuyến tính\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Phép biến đổi tuyến tính \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T: V \\to W\u003C/script> giữa hai không gian vectơ trên cùng trường số thỏa mãn hai tính chất cơ bản:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)\u003C/script> với mọi \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">u,v \\in V\u003C/script>.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T(\\alpha\\,v) = \\alpha\\,T(v)\u003C/script> với mọi \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">v \\in V\u003C/script>, \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\alpha\u003C/script> là số vô hướng.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Ma trận biểu diễn \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T\u003C/script> khi chọn cơ sở \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\{e_i\\}\u003C/script> của \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">V\u003C/script> và \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\{f_j\\}\u003C/script> của \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">W\u003C/script> được xác định qua hệ số \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">a_{ji}\u003C/script> sao cho\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T(e_i) = \\sum_j a_{ji} f_j.\u003C/script>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Định thức, hạng và không gian riêng (eigenvalues, eigenvectors) của ma trận này cung cấp thông tin quan trọng về tính chất thuận nghịch, co giãn, và hướng bất biến của phép biến đổi.\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Phép biến đổi affine\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Phép biến đổi affine là tổ hợp của phép biến đổi tuyến tính và phép tịnh tiến, cho phép mô tả các phép quay, co giãn không qua gốc tọa độ và dịch chuyển toàn cục. Dạng tổng quát:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">f(x) = A\\,x + b,\\quad A\\in\\mathbb{R}^{n\\times n},\\ b\\in\\mathbb{R}^n\u003C/script>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Trong đồ họa máy tính, phép biến đổi affine được dùng để thao tác hình ảnh, mô hình 2D/3D, và tạo hiệu ứng chuyển động. Trong phân tích dữ liệu không gian, affine giúp chuyển đổi hệ tọa độ và chuẩn hóa dữ liệu.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n \u003Cli>Phép tịnh tiến: \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">x \\mapsto x + b\u003C/script>.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Phép co giãn/kéo dài: \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">x\\mapsto D\\,x\u003C/script> với D là ma trận đường chéo.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Phép quay: \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">x\\mapsto R\\,x\u003C/script> với R là ma trận trực giao.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Bảng minh họa một số phép affine điển hình trong 2D:\u003C/p>\n\u003Ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n \u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth>Loại\u003C/th>\u003Cth>Ma trận A\u003C/th>\u003Cth>Vector b\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Tịnh tiến\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\\\0&1\\end{pmatrix}\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\begin{pmatrix}t_x\\\\t_y\\end{pmatrix}\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Co giãn\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\begin{pmatrix}s_x&0\\\\0&s_y\\end{pmatrix}\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\begin{pmatrix}0\\\\0\\end{pmatrix}\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Quay góc θ\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\begin{pmatrix}\\cosθ&-\\,\\sinθ\\\\\\sinθ&\\cosθ\\end{pmatrix}\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\begin{pmatrix}0\\\\0\\end{pmatrix}\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\n\n\u003Ch2>Phép biến đổi Fourier và Laplace\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Biến đổi Fourier và Laplace là công cụ chủ lực trong phân tích tín hiệu và giải tích hệ động lực. Chúng ánh xạ tín hiệu thời gian sang miền tần số hay miền phức, cho phép nghiên cứu phổ năng lượng và đáp ứng tần số.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Định nghĩa biến đổi Fourier liên tục:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\mathcal{F}\\{f(t)\\}(\\omega) = \\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} f(t)\\,e^{-i\\omega t}\\,dt\u003C/script>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Với biến đổi Laplace:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\mathcal{L}\\{f(t)\\}(s) = \\int_{0}^{\\infty} f(t)\\,e^{-s t}\\,dt\u003C/script>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Ứng dụng:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n \u003Cli>Xử lý tín hiệu: Lọc thông thấp, thông cao.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Phân tích mạch điện: Đáp ứng chuyển mạch, ổn định hệ thống.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Giải phương trình vi phân: Sử dụng bảng biến đổi để tìm nghiệm.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>Ví dụ bảng chuyển đổi cơ bản:\u003C/p>\n\u003Ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n \u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth>Hàm f(t)\u003C/th>\u003Cth>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\mathcal{F}\\{f\\}(\\omega)\u003C/script>\u003C/th>\u003Cth>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\mathcal{L}\\{f\\}(s)\u003C/script>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>1\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>2π δ(ω)\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>1/s\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">e^{-at}\u003C/script>, \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">a>0\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>1/(a + iω)\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>1/(s + a)\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n \u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\sin(ω_0 t)\u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>π[δ(ω-ω₀)-δ(ω+ω₀)]\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>ω₀/(s²+ω₀²)\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\n\n\u003Ch2>Phép biến đổi đạo hàm và tích phân\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Đạo hàm và tích phân có thể coi là các phép biến đổi cơ bản nhất trong giải tích. Đạo hàm \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">D\u003C/script> là ánh xạ:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">D[f](x) = \\frac{d}{dx}f(x)\u003C/script>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Phép tích phân bất định \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">I\u003C/script>:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">I[f](x) = \\int_{x_0}^{x} f(t)\\,dt\\end{script>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Chúng thỏa mãn tính chất tuyến tính và là hai phép biến đổi ngược nhau trên các hàm thích hợp. Trong giải tích số, phép biến đổi này được số hóa qua sai phân hữu hạn và tích phân số.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n \u003Cli>Định lý cơ bản của giải tích kết nối đạo hàm – tích phân.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Biến đổi Abel, biến đổi Tikhonov dùng trong giải bài toán ngược.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\n\u003Ch2>Tính chất cơ bản và các định lý\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Các phép biến đổi thường có những tính chất chung:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n \u003Cli>Tính tuyến tính: \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T(f+g)=T(f)+T(g)\u003C/script>, \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T(\\alpha f)=\\alpha T(f)\u003C/script>.\n \u003C/p>\u003Cli>Độ thuận nghịch: Sự tồn tại \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T^{-1}\u003C/script> khi \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">T\u003C/script> song ánh.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Phép biến đổi đối xứng và đồng nhất theo không gian/hàm.\u003C/li>\n\n\u003Cp>Các định lý quan trọng:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n \u003Cli>Định lý Parseval – Plancherel: Bảo toàn năng lượng giữa miền thời gian và miền tần số, ứng dụng cho biến đổi Fourier.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Định lý chồng phép: \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\\mathcal{F}\\{\\mathcal{F}\\{f\\}\\}(t) = 2π f(-t)\u003C/script>.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Định lý hoán vị: Biến đổi tích phân – đạo hàm cho phép đổi thứ tự phép tính dưới điều kiện hội tụ.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\n\u003Ch2>Ứng dụng của phép biến đổi\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Phép biến đổi có mặt khắp nơi trong khoa học và kỹ thuật:\u003C/p>\n\u003Cul>\n \u003Cli>Xử lý tín hiệu số và analog: Lọc, nén, khôi phục dữ liệu.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Xử lý ảnh và thị giác máy tính: Nhận diện biên, nén JPEG2000, khử nhiễu.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Giải tích hệ điều khiển: Thiết kế bộ điều khiển PID, đáp ứng tần số.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Mật mã học: Hàm băm, biến đổi modular, phép nhân đa thức trong đa thức hữu hạn.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Tính toán lượng tử: Biến đổi Fourier lượng tử trong thuật toán Shor.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\n\u003Ch2>Xu hướng nghiên cứu và phát triển\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>Hiện nay, biến đổi wavelet và đa tỉ lệ trở thành công cụ phân tích tín hiệu phi tần số, hỗ trợ xử lý tín hiệu thời gian – tần số. Các phép biến đổi phi tuyến và phân tích sparse coding giúp khai thác cấu trúc dữ liệu cao cấp trong học máy.\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>Các nghiên cứu mới đang mở rộng phép biến đổi sang không gian đồ thị (\u003Cem>graph Fourier transform\u003C/em>), xử lý tín hiệu phi cấu trúc. Ứng dụng vào phân tích mạng xã hội, phân tích tín hiệu sinh học trên đồ thị gen, và xử lý dữ liệu sensor mạng lưới.\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Tài liệu tham khảo\u003C/h2>\n\u003Col>\n \u003Cli>MIT OpenCourseWare. Linear Algebra. \u003Ca href=\"https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Khan Academy. Fourier Transform. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.khanacademy.org/math/fourier-analysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Bracewell, R. (2000). \u003Cem>The Fourier Transform and Its Applications\u003C/em>. McGraw-Hill.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Doetsch, G. (1974). \u003Cem>Introduction to the Theory and Application of the Laplace Transformation\u003C/em>. Springer.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Trefethen, L. N., &amp; Bau, D. (1997). \u003Cem>Numerical Linear Algebra\u003C/em>. SIAM.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Stein, E., &amp; Shakarchi, R. (2003). \u003Cem>Fourier Analysis: An Introduction\u003C/em>. Princeton University Press.\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ol>\n\u003C/div>",{"id":148,"researcherId":22,"name":314,"imageUrl":315},"Nguyễn Ngọc Sơn","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a/ACg8ocLGfGsF1nYQqYK5BasTLhNu1dBrBXg2fcEgBNPXJ0p2gqLQnO7i=s96-c",{"id":317,"researcherId":22,"name":318,"imageUrl":319},2889,"Lê Xuân Niên","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a/ACg8ocLuyWIkhyP2W5E59cKwN7ciI2nbjMGUpXO9rVQquC826ujzkqhU=s96-c",[309],"PUBLISHED","2024-01-23T08:15:36.234+00:00","2025-09-08T14:59:25.739+00:00","2025-08-05T17:41:36.694+00:00",45,[327,330,333,336,339,342,345,348,351,354],{"id":328,"title":329},"chăm sóc sức khoẻ tại nhà","Chăm sóc sức khoẻ tại nhà là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Chăm sóc sức khoẻ tại nhà",{"id":331,"title":332},"cải tạo","Cải tạo là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Cải tạo",{"id":334,"title":335},"peptidoglycan","Peptidoglycan là gì? Các bài nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":337,"title":338},"giai đoạn phát triển","Giai đoạn phát triển là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học về Giai đoạn phát triển",{"id":340,"title":341},"nghiên cứu tổng quan","Nghiên cứu tổng quan là gì? Các bài báo nghiên cứu khoa học",{"id":343,"title":344},"remdesivir","Remdesivir là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Remdesivir",{"id":346,"title":347},"linh trưởng","Linh trưởng là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học về Linh trưởng",{"id":349,"title":350},"cấu trúc đông đặc","Cấu trúc đông đặc là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":352,"title":353},"phụ nữ sau sinh","Phụ nữ sau sinh là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":355,"title":356},"tỷ lệ tái phát","Tỷ lệ tái phát là gì? Các bài nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"meta":358,"data":360},{"total":359},"2092",[361,731,1042,1535,1751,2028,2328,3184,5082,5314],{"id":362,"createTime":363,"updateTime":364,"relativeEntities":365,"slug":366,"properties":367,"entityType":242,"verifyStatus":386,"verifyTime":363,"verifyNote":387,"syncStatus":386,"languages":388,"translateLanguages":390,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":392,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":393,"publicationType":244,"publisherRelationship":421,"citationCount":712,"citationInfo":713,"publishDate":728,"publishYear":729,"citationAnalyzeStatus":386,"lastCitationAnalyze":22,"indexDatabases":22,"openAccess":22,"references":730,"isForceReanalyzing":19},"45540117-5ec6-4e84-8ac0-d1de671a48a8","2024-09-04T03:28:46.270+00:00","2024-12-24T20:43:27.420+00:00",[],"Electrophoretic-transfer-of-proteins-from-polyacrylamide-gels-to-nitrocellulose-sheets-procedure-and-some-applications-",{"mag":368,"keywords":370,"pmc":372,"openalex":374,"abstract":376,"title":379,"pm":382,"doi":384},{"VOID":369},"2101108802",{"VI":371},"chuyển giao điện di, protein ribosome, gel polyacrylamide, nitrocellulose, ure, natri dodecyl sulfate, chụp ảnh phóng xạ tự động, miễn dịch học, kháng thể đặc hiệu, detection, peroxidase, phân tích protein.",{"VOID":373},"411572",{"VOID":375},"W2101108802",{"EN":377,"VI":378},"\u003Cjats:p>A method has been devised for the electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets. The method results in quantitative transfer of ribosomal proteins from gels containing urea. For sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, the original band pattern was obtained with no loss of resolution, but the transfer was not quantitative. The method allows detection of proteins by autoradiography and is simpler than conventional procedures. The immobilized proteins were detectable by immunological procedures. All additional binding capacity on the nitrocellulose was blocked with excess protein; then a specific antibody was bound and, finally, a second antibody directed against the first antibody. The second antibody was either radioactively labeled or conjugated to fluorescein or to peroxidase. The specific protein was then detected by either autoradiography, under UV light, or by the peroxidase reaction product, respectively. In the latter case, as little as 100 pg of protein was clearly detectable. It is anticipated that the procedure will be applicable to analysis of a wide variety of proteins with specific reactions or ligands.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Một phương pháp đã được đưa ra để chuyển giao điện di protein từ gel polyacrylamide sang tấm nitrocellulose. Phương pháp này cho phép chuyển giao định lượng protein ribosome từ gel có chứa ure. Đối với gel natri dodecyl sulfate, mô hình ban đầu của dải vẫn giữ nguyên mà không mất độ phân giải, nhưng việc chuyển giao không hoàn toàn định lượng. Phương pháp này cho phép phát hiện protein bằng phương pháp tự động chụp ảnh phóng xạ và dễ dàng hơn so với các quy trình thông thường. Các protein cố định có thể được phát hiện bằng các quy trình miễn dịch học. Tất cả dung lượng liên kết bổ sung trên nitrocellulose được chặn bằng protein dư thừa, sau đó một kháng thể đặc hiệu được liên kết và cuối cùng, kháng thể thứ hai chống lại kháng thể thứ nhất được liên kết tiếp. Kháng thể thứ hai được đánh dấu phóng xạ hoặc liên hợp với fluorescein hoặc với peroxidase. Protein đặc hiệu sau đó được phát hiện bằng cách chụp ảnh phóng xạ tự động, dưới ánh sáng UV, hoặc bằng sản phẩm phản ứng với peroxidase, tương ứng. Trong trường hợp sau, chỉ cần 100 pg protein có thể được phát hiện rõ ràng. Dự kiến phương pháp này sẽ có thể áp dụng để phân tích nhiều loại protein khác nhau với các phản ứng hoặc liên kết đặc hiệu.\u003C/jats:p>",{"EN":380,"VI":381},"Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.","Chuyển giao điện di của protein từ gel polyacrylamide sang tấm nitrocellulose: Quy trình và một số ứng dụng.",{"VOID":383},"388439",{"VOID":385},"10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350","PENDING","Author affiliation is blank",[389],"EN",[391],"VI","https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350",[394,403,412],{"id":395,"sortIndex":157,"researcher":22,"roles":396,"affiliations":397,"properties":398},"34bf7b49-b41c-4a8b-83aa-3ed5942fd28d",[],[],{"openalex":399,"title":401},{"VOID":400},"A5056999941",{"EN":402},"J. Gordon",{"id":404,"sortIndex":148,"researcher":22,"roles":405,"affiliations":406,"properties":407},"02dc6d58-026f-484a-9769-f9dec1e6b7a2",[],[],{"openalex":408,"title":410},{"VOID":409},"A5067034637",{"EN":411},"Theophil Staehelin",{"id":413,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":414,"affiliations":415,"properties":416},"df814f34-5a1a-4825-8ddf-c02c2077881a",[],[],{"openalex":417,"title":419},{"VOID":418},"A5090187752",{"EN":420},"Harry Towbin",{"url":22,"publisher":422,"properties":705},{"id":423,"createTime":424,"updateTime":425,"relativeEntities":426,"slug":427,"properties":428,"entityType":136,"verifyStatus":386,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":386,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":439,"manageAffiliations":440,"indexDatabases":441,"url":479,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":480,"gsStatistic":22,"type":22,"analyzePriority":22},"ddc01e28-3e43-4c50-a629-449cbc6df56a","2023-05-29T11:46:26.860+00:00","2025-02-24T08:32:59.606+00:00",[],"Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-of-the-United-States-of-America",{"country":429,"issn":431,"introduce":433,"eissn":435,"title":437},{"VOID":430},"US",{"VOID":432},"10916490",{"EN":434},"PNAS publishes research reports, Brief Reports, Letters, Front Matter magazine content, Commentaries, Perspectives, and Colloquium Papers. In accordance with the guiding principles established by George Ellery Hale in 1914, PNAS also publishes brief first announcements of NAS members' and foreign associates' more important contributions to research and of work that appears to a member to be of particular importance. All submissions are evaluated by a member of the Editorial Board prior to acceptance. 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tiêu: \u003C/jats:bold> Phát triển một công cụ sàng lọc nhận thức kéo dài 10 phút (Đánh giá Nhận thức Montreal, MoCA) để hỗ trợ các bác sĩ tuyến đầu trong việc phát hiện suy giảm nhận thức nhẹ (MCI), một trạng thái lâm sàng thường tiến triển thành sa sút trí tuệ.\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Thiết kế: \u003C/jats:bold> Nghiên cứu xác thực.\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Địa điểm: \u003C/jats:bold> Một phòng khám cộng đồng và một trung tâm học thuật.\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Người tham gia: \u003C/jats:bold> Chín mươi bốn bệnh nhân đáp ứng tiêu chí lâm sàng MCI được hỗ trợ bởi các biện pháp tâm lý, 93 bệnh nhân mắc bệnh Alzheimer nhẹ (AD) (Điểm kiểm tra trạng thái tinh thần Mini-Mental (MMSE) ≥17), và 90 người cao tuổi khỏe mạnh đối chứng (NC).\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Đo lường: \u003C/jats:bold> MoCA và MMSE đã được thực hiện cho tất cả người tham gia, và độ nhạy và độ đặc hiệu của cả hai biện pháp đã được đánh giá để phát hiện MCI và AD nhẹ.\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Kết quả: \u003C/jats:bold> Sử dụng điểm cắt 26, MMSE có độ nhạy là 18% để phát hiện MCI, trong khi MoCA phát hiện 90% các trường hợp MCI. Trong nhóm AD nhẹ, MMSE có độ nhạy là 78%, trong khi MoCA phát hiện 100%. Độ đặc hiệu là xuất sắc cho cả MMSE và MoCA (100% và 87%, tương ứng).\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Kết luận: \u003C/jats:bold> MCI như một thực thể đang phát triển và có phần gây tranh cãi. MoCA là một công cụ sàng lọc nhận thức ngắn gọn với độ nhạy và độ đặc hiệu cao cho việc phát hiện MCI như đã được hiểu hiện tại ở bệnh nhân có điểm số trong phạm vi bình thường trên MMSE.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Objectives: \u003C/jats:bold> To develop a 10‐minute cognitive screening tool (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) to assist first‐line physicians in detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a clinical state that often progresses to dementia.\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Design: \u003C/jats:bold> Validation study.\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Setting: \u003C/jats:bold> A community clinic and an academic center.\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Participants: \u003C/jats:bold> Ninety‐four patients meeting MCI clinical criteria supported by psychometric measures, 93 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score≥17), and 90 healthy elderly controls (NC).\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Measurements: \u003C/jats:bold> The MoCA and MMSE were administered to all participants, and sensitivity and specificity of both measures were assessed for detection of MCI and mild AD.\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Results: \u003C/jats:bold> Using a cutoff score 26, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 18% to detect MCI, whereas the MoCA detected 90% of MCI subjects. In the mild AD group, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 78%, whereas the MoCA detected 100%. Specificity was excellent for both MMSE and MoCA (100% and 87%, respectively).\u003C/jats:p>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:bold>Conclusion: \u003C/jats:bold> MCI as an entity is evolving and somewhat controversial. 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F. Ollis H. Al-Ekabi Eds. Photocatalytic Purification and Treatment of Water and Air (Elsevier Amsterdam 1993).",{},{"id":22,"text":1459,"url":22,"identifiers":1460},"10.1039/cs9962500061",{"doi":1459},{"id":22,"text":1462,"url":22,"identifiers":1463},"10.1021/ar00060a006",{"doi":1462},{"id":22,"text":1465,"url":22,"identifiers":1466},"10.1021/cr00035a013",{"doi":1465},{"id":22,"text":1468,"url":22,"identifiers":1469},"10.1149/1.2133104",{"doi":1468},{"id":22,"text":1471,"url":22,"identifiers":1472},"10.1021/j100102a038",{"doi":1471},{"id":22,"text":1474,"url":22,"identifiers":1475},"and references therein.",{},{"id":22,"text":1477,"url":22,"identifiers":1478},"10.1023/A:1019024913274",{"doi":1477},{"id":22,"text":1480,"url":22,"identifiers":1481},"10.1103/PhysRev.91.793",{"doi":1480},{"id":22,"text":1483,"url":22,"identifiers":1484},"D. C. Cronemeyer Phys. Rev. 113 1222 (1959).",{"doi":1485},"10.1103/PhysRev.113.1222",{"id":22,"text":1487,"url":22,"identifiers":1488},"T. Sakata T. Kawai in Energy Resources Through Photochemistry and Catalysis M. Grätzel Ed. (Academic Press New York 1983) pp. 332–358.",{},{"id":22,"text":1490,"url":22,"identifiers":1491},"10.1103/PhysRevB.24.864",{"doi":1490},{"id":22,"text":1493,"url":22,"identifiers":1494},"10.1103/PhysRevB.30.561",{"doi":1493},{"id":22,"text":1496,"url":22,"identifiers":1497},"10.1088/0022-3719/4/14/022",{"doi":1496},{"id":22,"text":1499,"url":22,"identifiers":1500},"The calculations have been done without any geometry optimization for the S doping because the resulting atomic forces are too large to obtain reasonable positions in the present unit cell (the eight TiO 2 units per cell) giving the positive formation energy of 4.1 eV required for the substitution of S for O compared with that of 1.6 eV for the substitution of N.",{},{"id":22,"text":1502,"url":22,"identifiers":1503},"We used a rigid shift of the band gaps 1.14 eV for both TiO 2- x N x and TiO 2 as in (19) assuming that the amount of the band-gap underestimation in LDA would not be affected by doping because long-range screening properties in TiO 2- x N x are expected to be similar to those in TiO 2 .",{},{"id":22,"text":1505,"url":22,"identifiers":1506},"10.1103/PhysRevB.61.7459",{"doi":1505},{"id":22,"text":1508,"url":22,"identifiers":1509},"10.1038/35010082",{"doi":1508},{"id":22,"text":1511,"url":22,"identifiers":1512},"A possibility of the degradation of methylene blue through the so-called sensitization process in a visible range (λ > 500 nm) (22) can be negligible in the present measurement because this influence if any would have appeared in the results equally at any cutoff wavelength of the high-path filter in the measurement range which however we did not observe.",{},{"id":22,"text":1514,"url":22,"identifiers":1515},"10.1021/es950655d",{"doi":1514},{"id":22,"text":1517,"url":22,"identifiers":1518},"10.1016/1010-6030(96)04328-6",{"doi":1517},{"id":22,"text":1520,"url":22,"identifiers":1521},"10.1038/41233",{"doi":1520},{"id":22,"text":1523,"url":22,"identifiers":1524},"10.1023/A:1004644514653",{"doi":1523},{"id":22,"text":1526,"url":22,"identifiers":1527},"10.1063/1.351465",{"doi":1526},{"id":22,"text":1529,"url":22,"identifiers":1530},"N. M. Johnson et al. Phys. Today 53 31 (October 2000) and references therein.",{"doi":1531},"10.1063/1.1325190",{"id":22,"text":1533,"url":22,"identifiers":1534},"We thank A. J. Freeman and W. Mannstadt for their continuous support with the FLAPW code and K. Tanaka and N. Isomura for their experimental support.",{},{"id":1536,"createTime":1537,"updateTime":1538,"relativeEntities":1539,"slug":1540,"properties":1541,"entityType":242,"verifyStatus":753,"verifyTime":1558,"verifyNote":754,"syncStatus":386,"languages":1559,"translateLanguages":1560,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":1561,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":1562,"publicationType":244,"publisherRelationship":1681,"citationCount":1734,"citationInfo":1735,"publishDate":1748,"publishYear":1749,"citationAnalyzeStatus":386,"lastCitationAnalyze":22,"indexDatabases":22,"openAccess":22,"references":1750,"isForceReanalyzing":19},"9417d56f-84d5-42dc-89a1-55311e9173c4","2024-09-05T22:12:53.989+00:00","2024-12-26T08:06:47.580+00:00",[],"Classification-of-subtype-of-acute-ischemic-stroke-Definitions-for-use-in-a-multicenter-clinical-trial-TOAST-Trial-of-Org-10172-in-Acute-Stroke-Treatment-",{"mag":1542,"keywords":1544,"openalex":1546,"abstract":1548,"title":1551,"pm":1554,"doi":1556},{"VOID":1543},"2138595885",{"VI":1545},"Đột quỵ thiếu máu não cấp, phân loại TOAST, thử nghiệm lâm sàng, chẩn đoán phụ trợ, các phân nhóm đột quỵ, huyết tắc, xơ vữa động mạch, tắc vi mạch, đánh giá lâm sàng.",{"VOID":1547},"W2138595885",{"EN":1549,"VI":1550},"\u003Cjats:p>The etiology of ischemic stroke affects prognosis, outcome, and management. Trials of therapies for patients with acute stroke should include measurements of responses as influenced by subtype of ischemic stroke. A system for categorization of subtypes of ischemic stroke mainly based on etiology has been developed for the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST).\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003Cjats:p>A classification of subtypes was prepared using clinical features and the results of ancillary diagnostic studies. \"Possible\" and \"probable\" diagnoses can be made based on the physician's certainty of diagnosis. The usefulness and interrater agreement of the classification were tested by two neurologists who had not participated in the writing of the criteria. The neurologists independently used the TOAST classification system in their bedside evaluation of 20 patients, first based only on clinical features and then after reviewing the results of diagnostic tests.\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003Cjats:p>The TOAST classification denotes five subtypes of ischemic stroke: 1) large-artery atherosclerosis, 2) cardioembolism, 3) small-vessel occlusion, 4) stroke of other determined etiology, and 5) stroke of undetermined etiology. Using this rating system, interphysician agreement was very high. The two physicians disagreed in only one patient. They were both able to reach a specific etiologic diagnosis in 11 patients, whereas the cause of stroke was not determined in nine.\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003Cjats:p>The TOAST stroke subtype classification system is easy to use and has good interobserver agreement. This system should allow investigators to report responses to treatment among important subgroups of patients with ischemic stroke. Clinical trials testing treatments for acute ischemic stroke should include similar methods to diagnose subtypes of stroke.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Nguyên nhân học của đột quỵ thiếu máu não ảnh hưởng đến tiên lượng, kết quả và việc quản lý. Các thử nghiệm điều trị cho bệnh nhân đột quỵ cấp nên bao gồm đo lường các phản ứng bị ảnh hưởng bởi phân nhóm của đột quỵ thiếu máu não. Một hệ thống phân loại các phân nhóm đột quỵ thiếu máu não chủ yếu dựa trên nguyên nhân học đã được phát triển cho Thử nghiệm Org 10172 trong Việc Điều Trị Đột Quỵ Cấp (TOAST).\u003C/jats:p>\n\u003Cjats:p>Một phân loại các phân nhóm đã được chuẩn bị dựa trên các đặc điểm lâm sàng và kết quả của các nghiên cứu chẩn đoán phụ trợ. \"Có thể\" và \"khả năng lớn\" chẩn đoán có thể được thực hiện dựa trên mức độ chắc chắn về chẩn đoán của bác sĩ. Tính hữu ích và sự đồng thuận giữa các nhà chẩn đoán của phân loại này đã được kiểm tra bởi hai bác sĩ thần kinh không tham gia vào việc viết tiêu chí. Các bác sĩ thần kinh đã độc lập sử dụng hệ thống phân loại TOAST trong việc đánh giá tại giường 20 bệnh nhân, đầu tiên chỉ dựa trên các đặc điểm lâm sàng, sau đó là sau khi xem xét kết quả của các xét nghiệm chẩn đoán.\u003C/jats:p>\n\u003Cjats:p>Hệ thống phân loại TOAST chia đột quỵ thiếu máu não thành năm phân nhóm: 1) xơ vữa động mạch lớn, 2) huyết tắc từ tim, 3) tắc vi mạch, 4) đột quỵ do nguyên nhân khác đã xác định, và 5) đột quỵ do nguyên nhân chưa xác định. Sử dụng hệ thống này, sự đồng thuận giữa các bác sĩ rất cao. Hai bác sĩ chỉ không đồng ý ở một bệnh nhân. Cả hai đều có thể đưa ra chẩn đoán nguyên nhân cụ thể ở 11 bệnh nhân, trong khi nguyên nhân gây đột quỵ không được xác định ở chín bệnh nhân.\u003C/jats:p>\n\u003Cjats:p>Hệ thống phân loại phân nhóm đột quỵ TOAST dễ sử dụng và có sự đồng thuận tốt giữa những người quan sát. Hệ thống này nên cho phép các nhà nghiên cứu báo cáo các phản ứng với điều trị trong các nhóm bệnh nhân quan trọng bị đột quỵ thiếu máu não. Các thử nghiệm lâm sàng kiểm tra các phương pháp điều trị cho đột quỵ thiếu máu não cấp nên bao gồm các phương pháp tương tự để chẩn đoán phân nhóm đột quỵ.\u003C/jats:p>",{"EN":1552,"VI":1553},"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.","Phân loại các phân nhóm đột quỵ nhồi máu não cấp. Định nghĩa phục vụ cho thử nghiệm lâm sàng đa trung tâm. TOAST. Thử nghiệm Org 10172 trong Việc Điều Trị Đột Quỵ Cấp.",{"VOID":1555},"7678184",{"VOID":1557},"10.1161/01.str.24.1.35","2024-09-05T22:12:53.988+00:00",[389],[391],"https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.STR.24.1.35",[1563,1583,1600,1617,1634,1649,1664],{"id":1564,"sortIndex":180,"researcher":22,"roles":1565,"affiliations":1566,"properties":1578},"ac4b988f-c94f-4025-a95a-889188cdef2e",[],[1567],{"id":1568,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1569,"properties":22},"3d28cb54-7d11-4a67-8b34-75fb02b20754",{"id":1570,"createTime":1571,"updateTime":1572,"relativeEntities":1573,"slug":1574,"properties":1575,"entityType":200,"verifyStatus":386,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":386,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"0418e475-3343-4c19-86f0-f24ebe6250f8","2024-09-05T22:12:54.002+00:00","2025-06-11T17:23:24.408+00:00",[],"Department-of-Neurology-University-of-Iowa-Iowa-City-52242-1053-",{"title":1576},{"EN":1577},"Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1053.",{"openalex":1579,"title":1581},{"VOID":1580},"A5091736814",{"EN":1582},"Betsy B. 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The location and physiological function of a protein are closely related; local information of a protein is thus crucial to understanding its role in biological processes. The visualization of proteins residing on intracellular structures by fluorescence microscopy has become a routine approach in cell biology and is increasingly used to assess their colocalization with well‐characterized markers. However, image‐analysis methods for colocalization studies are a field of contention and enigma. We have therefore undertaken to review the most currently used colocalization analysis methods, introducing the basic optical concepts important for image acquisition and subsequent analysis. We provide a summary of practical tips for image acquisition and treatment that should precede proper colocalization analysis. Furthermore, we discuss the application and feasibility of colocalization tools for various biological colocalization situations and discuss their respective strengths and weaknesses. We have created a novel toolbox for subcellular colocalization analysis under ImageJ, named JACoP, that integrates current global statistic methods and a novel object‐based approach.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Tóm tắt\u003C/jats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Chúng ta thường chấp nhận rằng việc phân chia chức năng của tế bào eukaryotic được phản ánh qua sự xuất hiện khác nhau của các protein trong các bào quan của chúng. Vị trí và chức năng sinh lý của một protein có mối quan hệ chặt chẽ; thông tin địa phương về một protein do đó là rất quan trọng để hiểu vai trò của nó trong các quá trình sinh học. Việc hình dung các protein cư trú trên các cấu trúc nội bào bằng kính hiển vi huỳnh quang đã trở thành một phương pháp thường quy trong sinh học tế bào và ngày càng được sử dụng để đánh giá sự đồng địa điểm của chúng với các dấu ấn đã được đặc trưng rõ ràng. Tuy nhiên, các phương pháp phân tích hình ảnh cho các nghiên cứu đồng địa điểm là một lĩnh vực tranh cãi và bí ẩn. Do đó, chúng tôi đã tiến hành xem xét các phương pháp phân tích đồng địa điểm hiện đang được sử dụng, giới thiệu các khái niệm quang học cơ bản quan trọng cho việc thu thập hình ảnh và phân tích sau đó. Chúng tôi cung cấp một tóm tắt các mẹo thực hành cho việc thu thập và xử lý hình ảnh mà nên diễn ra trước khi thực hiện phân tích đồng địa điểm đúng. Hơn nữa, chúng tôi thảo luận về việc áp dụng và khả năng thực hiện của các công cụ đồng địa điểm cho các tình huống đồng địa điểm sinh học khác nhau và thảo luận về những điểm mạnh và điểm yếu tương ứng của chúng. Chúng tôi đã tạo ra một bộ công cụ mới cho phân tích đồng địa điểm dưới tế bào trong ImageJ, được gọi là JACoP, tích hợp các phương pháp thống kê toàn cầu hiện tại và một phương pháp dựa trên đối tượng mới.",{"EN":1768,"VI":1769},"A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy","Một chuyến tham quan có hướng dẫn về phân tích đồng địa điểm trong vi kính ánh sáng",{"VOID":1771},"17210054",{"VOID":1773},"10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01706.x",[389],[391],"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01706.x",[1778,1800],{"id":1779,"sortIndex":148,"researcher":22,"roles":1780,"affiliations":1781,"properties":1793},"cf73d1d3-4ef3-4d5c-a5ae-fc9865f75564",[],[1782],{"id":1783,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":1784,"properties":22},"d6ba95a5-3cb4-4343-93f6-f412be890f76",{"id":1785,"createTime":1786,"updateTime":1787,"relativeEntities":1788,"slug":1789,"properties":1790,"entityType":200,"verifyStatus":386,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":386,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"b4e6afcb-29e9-4a35-859a-6f09ace28fe3","2024-09-05T06:12:55.637+00:00","2024-09-25T05:24:14.096+00:00",[],"RCO-R%C3%A9gulations-cellulaires-et-oncogen%C3%A8se-B%C3%A2timent-110-Centre-Universitaire-91405-ORSAY-CEDEX-France-",{"title":1791},{"EN":1792},"RCO - Régulations cellulaires et oncogenèse (Bâtiment 110, Centre Universitaire 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)",{"openalex":1794,"orcid":1796,"title":1798},{"VOID":1795},"A5019704731",{"VOID":1797},"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-5816",{"EN":1799},"Fabrice P. 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It publishes papers that report on the very latest developments in microscopy such as advances in microscopy techniques or novel areas of application. The Journal does not seek to publish routine applications of microscopy or specimen preparation even though the submission may otherwise have a high scientific merit. The scope covers research in the physical and biological sciences and covers imaging methods using light, electrons, X-rays and other radiations as well as atomic force and near field techniques. Interdisciplinary research is welcome. Papers pertaining to microscopy are also welcomed on optical theory, spectroscopy, novel specimen preparation and manipulation methods and image recording, processing and analysis including dynamic analysis of living specimens. Publication types include full papers, hot topic fast tracked communications and review articles. Authors considering submitting a review article should contact the editorial office first.",{"VOID":1844},"13652818",{"EN":1846},"Journal of Microscopy",[],[],[1850,1860],{"id":1851,"indexDatabase":1852,"url":1857,"indexYears":22,"academicFieldIds":1858},"27c6d852-2f0a-4ddd-82eb-8bf603d5f266",{"id":463,"createTime":464,"updateTime":465,"relativeEntities":1853,"label":1854,"description":1855,"key":472,"publicationTags":1856,"standard":22},[],{"EN":468,"VI":468},{"VI":470,"EN":471},[474,475],"https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results?issn=0022-2720",[1859],"f9a4afad-1bac-4f78-9acb-c323a2d4ee76",{"id":1861,"indexDatabase":1862,"url":1867,"indexYears":1868,"academicFieldIds":1869},"056b72f1-6c49-4bef-95d2-2c4f87a92c74",{"id":445,"createTime":446,"updateTime":447,"relativeEntities":1863,"label":1864,"description":1865,"key":453,"publicationTags":1866,"standard":22},[],{"EN":450,"VI":450},{"EN":450,"VI":452},[455],"https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/20919","1969-2023",[1870,1871],"3ae494ca-72b1-4f7f-a18c-56c79894839d","5d0ba0cd-b333-4796-a92a-6418d1621f5b","https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652818",{"volume":1874,"pages":1876,"issue":1878},{"VOID":1875},"224",{"VOID":1877},"213-232",{"VOID":1879},"3",4612,{"total":1880,"publishYear":22,"statisticByYear":1882},{"2012":1883,"2013":1884,"2014":1885,"2015":1886,"2016":1887,"2017":1888,"2018":1889,"2019":1890,"2020":573,"2021":1891,"2022":1892,"2023":1893,"2024":1894},215,242,277,250,267,282,308,314,472,456,468,321,"2006-12-01",2006,[1898,1901,1904,1907,1910,1913,1916,1919,1922,1925,1928,1931,1934,1937,1940,1943,1946,1949,1952,1955,1958,1961,1964,1967,1970,1973,1976,1979,1982,1985,1988,1991,1995,1998,2001,2004,2007,2010,2013,2016,2019,2022,2025],{"id":22,"text":1899,"url":22,"identifiers":1900},"Abbe E., 1873, Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung, Schultzes Arc. 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Most of the issues with testing have occurred because of variation in preanalytic variables, thresholds for positivity, and interpretation criteria. \u003C/jats:p>\u003C/jats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\u003Cjats:title>Recommendations\u003C/jats:title>\u003Cjats:p> The Panel recommends that ER and PgR status be determined on all invasive breast cancers and breast cancer recurrences. A testing algorithm that relies on accurate, reproducible assay performance is proposed. Elements to reliably reduce assay variation are specified. It is recommended that ER and PgR assays be considered positive if there are at least 1% positive tumor nuclei in the sample on testing in the presence of expected reactivity of internal (normal epithelial elements) and external controls. The absence of benefit from endocrine therapy for women with ER-negative invasive breast cancers has been confirmed in large overviews of randomized clinical trials. \u003C/jats:p>\u003C/jats:sec>","\u003Cjats:sec>\u003Cjats:title>Mục đích\u003C/jats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Phát triển một hướng dẫn nhằm cải thiện độ chính xác của xét nghiệm mô hóa miễn dịch (IHC) các thụ thể estrogen (ER) và thụ thể progesterone (PgR) trong ung thư vú và tiện ích của những thụ thể này như là các dấu hiệu dự đoán.\u003C/jats:p>\u003C/jats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\u003Cjats:title>Phương pháp\u003C/jats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Hiệp hội Ung thư lâm sàng Hoa Kỳ và Trường Đại học bệnh học Hoa Kỳ đã triệu tập một Hội đồng Chuyên gia quốc tế, thực hiện một tổng quan và đánh giá hệ thống về tài liệu cùng với sự hợp tác của Cancer Care Ontario và phát triển các khuyến nghị nhằm tối ưu hóa hiệu suất xét nghiệm IHC ER/PgR.\u003C/jats:p>\u003C/jats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\u003Cjats:title>Kết quả\u003C/jats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Có thể lên đến 20% các xét nghiệm xác định IHC hiện tại về ER và PgR trên phạm vi toàn cầu không chính xác (âm tính giả hoặc dương tính giả). Hầu hết các vấn đề với xét nghiệm đã xảy ra do sự biến động trong các biến số tiền phân tích, ngưỡng dương tính và tiêu chuẩn diễn giải.\u003C/jats:p>\u003C/jats:sec>\u003Cjats:sec>\u003Cjats:title>Khuyến nghị\u003C/jats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Hội đồng khuyến nghị rằng tình trạng của ER và PgR nên được xác định trên tất cả các trường hợp ung thư vú xâm lấn và các trường hợp tái phát ung thư vú. Một thuật toán xét nghiệm dựa trên hiệu suất xét nghiệm chính xác, có thể tái tạo được đề xuất. Những yếu tố để giảm bớt sự biến động của xét nghiệm được chỉ định cụ thể. Khuyến cáo rằng xét nghiệm ER và PgR được coi là dương tính nếu có ít nhất 1% nhân khối u dương tính trong mẫu xem xét trong sự hiện diện của phản ứng dự kiến của các yếu tố kiểm soát nội bộ (các yếu tố biểu mô bình thường) và kiểm soát bên ngoài. 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2009, Modeling the invasion of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus into hospitals, Clin Infect Dis, 48, 274, 10.1086/595844",{"doi":3658},"10.1086/595844",{"id":22,"text":3660,"url":22,"identifiers":3661},"Purcell, 2006, Economic impact of the community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemic on the Driscoll Children's Health Plan, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 25, 178, 10.1097/01.inf.0000199304.68890.60",{"doi":3662},"10.1097/01.inf.0000199304.68890.60",{"id":22,"text":3664,"url":22,"identifiers":3665},"Noskin, 2005, The burden of Staphylococcus aureus infections on hospitals in the United States: an analysis of the 2000 and 2001 Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database, Arch Intern Med, 165, 1756, 10.1001/archinte.165.15.1756",{"doi":3666},"10.1001/archinte.165.15.1756",{"id":22,"text":3668,"url":22,"identifiers":3669},"Moran, 2006, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department, N Engl J Med, 355, 666, 10.1056/NEJMoa055356",{"doi":3670},"10.1056/NEJMoa055356",{"id":22,"text":3672,"url":22,"identifiers":3673},"Lee, 2007, Incidence and clinical characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing fasciitis in a large urban hospital, Am J Surg, 194, 809, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.08.047",{"doi":3674},"10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.08.047",{"id":22,"text":3676,"url":22,"identifiers":3677},"Pannaraj, 2006, Infective pyomyositis and myositis in children in the era of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, Clin Infect Dis, 43, 953, 10.1086/507637",{"doi":3678},"10.1086/507637",{"id":22,"text":3680,"url":22,"identifiers":3681},"Miller, 2005, Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles, N Engl J Med, 352, 1445, 10.1056/NEJMoa042683",{"doi":3682},"10.1056/NEJMoa042683",{"id":22,"text":3684,"url":22,"identifiers":3685},"Wright, 2008, Pediatric mediastinitis as a complication of 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Chemother, 50, 1079, 10.1128/AAC.50.3.1079-1082.2006",{"doi":4988},"10.1128/AAC.50.3.1079-1082.2006",{"id":22,"text":4990,"url":22,"identifiers":4991},"Hirschwerk, 2006, Diminished susceptibility to daptomycin accompanied by clinical failure in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 27, 315, 10.1086/502688",{"doi":4992},"10.1086/502688",{"id":22,"text":4994,"url":22,"identifiers":4995},"Kullar, 2009, High-dose daptomycin for complicated gram-positive infections [poster # 1984]",{},{"id":22,"text":4997,"url":22,"identifiers":4998},"Credito, 2007, Activity of daptomycin alone and in combination with rifampin and gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus assessed by time-kill methodology, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 51, 1504, 10.1128/AAC.01455-06",{"doi":4999},"10.1128/AAC.01455-06",{"id":22,"text":5001,"url":22,"identifiers":5002},"Baltch, 2008, Activities of daptomycin and comparative antimicrobials, singly and in combination, against extracellular and intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and its stable small-colony variant in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in broth, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 52, 1829, 10.1128/AAC.01480-07",{"doi":5003},"10.1128/AAC.01480-07",{"id":22,"text":5005,"url":22,"identifiers":5006},"Tsuji, 2005, Short-course gentamicin in combination with daptomycin or vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 2735, 10.1128/AAC.49.7.2735-2745.2005",{"doi":5007},"10.1128/AAC.49.7.2735-2745.2005",{"id":22,"text":5009,"url":22,"identifiers":5010},"Sakoulas, 2003, Efficacy of daptomycin in experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 1714, 10.1128/AAC.47.5.1714-1718.2003",{"doi":5011},"10.1128/AAC.47.5.1714-1718.2003",{"id":22,"text":5013,"url":22,"identifiers":5014},"Miro, 2009, Addition of gentamicin or rifampin does not enhance the effectiveness of daptomycin in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 53, 4172, 10.1128/AAC.00051-09",{"doi":5015},"10.1128/AAC.00051-09",{"id":22,"text":5017,"url":22,"identifiers":5018},"Rybak, 1999, Prospective evaluation of the effect of an aminoglycoside dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43, 1549, 10.1128/AAC.43.7.1549",{"doi":5019},"10.1128/AAC.43.7.1549",{"id":22,"text":5021,"url":22,"identifiers":5022},"Proctor, 2008, Role of folate antagonists in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, Clin Infect Dis, 46, 584, 10.1086/525536",{"doi":5023},"10.1086/525536",{"id":22,"text":5025,"url":22,"identifiers":5026},"Schwalm, 2004, Clinical outcome with oral linezolid and rifampin following recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia despite prolonged vancomycin treatment, Can J Infect Dis, 15, 97",{},{"id":22,"text":5028,"url":22,"identifiers":5029},"Munoz, 2007, Linezolid therapy for infective endocarditis, Clin Microbiol Infect, 13, 211, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01585.x",{"doi":5030},"10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01585.x",{"id":22,"text":5032,"url":22,"identifiers":5033},"Falagas, 2006, Linezolid for the treatment of patients with endocarditis: a systematic review of the published evidence, J Antimicrob Chemother, 58, 273, 10.1093/jac/dkl219",{"doi":5034},"10.1093/jac/dkl219",{"id":22,"text":5036,"url":22,"identifiers":5037},"Jang, 2009, Salvage treatment for persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: efficacy of linezolid with or without carbapenem, Clin Infect Dis, 49, 395, 10.1086/600295",{"doi":5038},"10.1086/600295",{"id":22,"text":5040,"url":22,"identifiers":5041},"Gebhart, 2007, Decreased serum linezolid levels in a critically ill patient receiving concomitant linezolid rifampin, Pharmacotherapy, 27, 476, 10.1592/phco.27.3.476",{"doi":5042},"10.1592/phco.27.3.476",{"id":22,"text":5044,"url":22,"identifiers":5045},"Egle, 2005, Linezolid and rifampin: drug interaction contrary to expectations?, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 77, 451, 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.020",{"doi":5046},"10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.020",{"id":22,"text":5048,"url":22,"identifiers":5049},"Gandelman, 2010, Unexpected effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid: in silico and in vitro approaches to explain its mechanism, J Clin Pharmacol",{},{"id":22,"text":5051,"url":22,"identifiers":5052},"Nace, 2010, Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis with telavancin, J Antimicrob Chemother, 65, 1315, 10.1093/jac/dkq113",{"doi":5053},"10.1093/jac/dkq113",{"id":22,"text":5055,"url":22,"identifiers":5056},"Climo, 1999, Combinations of vancomycin and beta-lactams are synergistic against staphylococci with reduced susceptibilities to vancomycin, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43, 1747, 10.1128/AAC.43.7.1747",{"doi":5057},"10.1128/AAC.43.7.1747",{"id":22,"text":5059,"url":22,"identifiers":5060},"Fox, 2006, Successful therapy of experimental endocarditis caused by vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a combination of vancomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50, 2951, 10.1128/AAC.00232-06",{"doi":5061},"10.1128/AAC.00232-06",{"id":22,"text":5063,"url":22,"identifiers":5064},"Yang, 2010, Daptomycin-oxacillin combinations in treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by daptomycin-nonsusceptible strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with evolving oxacillin susceptibility (the “seesaw effect”), Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 54, 3161, 10.1128/AAC.00487-10",{"doi":5065},"10.1128/AAC.00487-10",{"id":22,"text":5067,"url":22,"identifiers":5068},"Fortunov, 2007, Evaluation and treatment of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in term and late-preterm previously healthy neonates, Pediatrics, 120, 937, 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Phys., 28, L1334, 10.1143/JJAP.28.L1334",{"doi":5269},"10.1143/JJAP.28.L1334",{"id":22,"text":5271,"url":22,"identifiers":5272},"1991, Appl. Phys. Lett., 59, 2251, 10.1063/1.106086",{"doi":5273},"10.1063/1.106086",{"id":22,"text":5275,"url":22,"identifiers":5276},"1992, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 31, L1457, 10.1143/JJAP.31.L1457",{"doi":5277},"10.1143/JJAP.31.L1457",{"id":22,"text":5279,"url":22,"identifiers":5280},"1993, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 32, L8, 10.1143/JJAP.32.L8",{"doi":5281},"10.1143/JJAP.32.L8",{"id":22,"text":5283,"url":22,"identifiers":5284},"1974, Appl. Phys. Lett., 24, 281, 10.1063/1.1655183",{"doi":5285},"10.1063/1.1655183",{"id":22,"text":5287,"url":22,"identifiers":5288},"1977, J. Cryst. Growth, 42, 136, 10.1016/0022-0248(77)90186-5",{"doi":5289},"10.1016/0022-0248(77)90186-5",{"id":22,"text":5291,"url":22,"identifiers":5292},"1980, J. Appl. Phys., 51, 625, 10.1063/1.327318",{"doi":5293},"10.1063/1.327318",{"id":22,"text":5295,"url":22,"identifiers":5296},"1987, J. Appl. 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Phys., 32, L338, 10.1143/JJAP.32.L338",{"doi":5313},"10.1143/JJAP.32.L338",{"id":5315,"createTime":5316,"updateTime":5317,"relativeEntities":5318,"slug":5319,"properties":5320,"entityType":242,"verifyStatus":753,"verifyTime":5316,"verifyNote":754,"syncStatus":386,"languages":5337,"translateLanguages":5338,"viewCount":23,"primaryUrl":5339,"fullTextUrl":22,"authors":5340,"publicationType":244,"publisherRelationship":5381,"citationCount":5429,"citationInfo":5430,"publishDate":5442,"publishYear":974,"citationAnalyzeStatus":386,"lastCitationAnalyze":22,"indexDatabases":22,"openAccess":22,"references":5443,"isForceReanalyzing":19},"34029bb9-b8fb-4168-b4b9-c4c323748942","2024-10-07T19:56:55.653+00:00","2024-12-27T10:10:36.704+00:00",[],"The-Kappa-Statistic-in-Reliability-Studies-Use-Interpretation-and-Sample-Size-Requirements",{"mag":5321,"keywords":5323,"openalex":5325,"abstract":5327,"title":5330,"pm":5333,"doi":5335},{"VOID":5322},"2170021941",{"VI":5324},"thống kê Kappa, độ tin cậy, nghiên cứu cơ xương khớp, kích thước mẫu, đánh giá lâm sàng",{"VOID":5326},"W2170021941",{"EN":5328,"VI":5329},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:p>Purpose. This article examines and illustrates the use and interpretation of the kappa statistic in musculoskeletal research. Summary of Key Points. The reliability of clinicians' ratings is an important consideration in areas such as diagnosis and the interpretation of examination findings. Often, these ratings lie on a nominal or an ordinal scale. For such data, the kappa coefficient is an appropriate measure of reliability. Kappa is defined, in both weighted and unweighted forms, and its use is illustrated with examples from musculoskeletal research. Factors that can influence the magnitude of kappa (prevalence, bias, and nonindependent ratings) are discussed, and ways of evaluating the magnitude of an obtained kappa are considered. The issue of statistical testing of kappa is considered, including the use of confidence intervals, and appropriate sample sizes for reliability studies using kappa are tabulated. Conclusions. The article concludes with recommendations for the use and interpretation of kappa.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Tóm tắt\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:p>Mục đích. Bài báo này xem xét và minh họa việc sử dụng và diễn giải thống kê kappa trong nghiên cứu cơ xương khớp. Tóm tắt những điểm chính. Độ tin cậy của đánh giá từ các lâm sàng là một yếu tố quan trọng trong các lĩnh vực như chẩn đoán và diễn giải các phát hiện từ kiểm tra. Thường thì những đánh giá này nằm trên một thang đo danh nghĩa hoặc thứ bậc. Đối với những dữ liệu như vậy, hệ số kappa là một thước đo độ tin cậy thích hợp. Kappa được định nghĩa, cả dưới dạng có trọng số và không có trọng số, và việc sử dụng nó được minh họa bằng các ví dụ từ nghiên cứu cơ xương khớp. Các yếu tố có thể ảnh hưởng đến độ lớn của kappa (tần suất, thiên lệch và các đánh giá không độc lập) được thảo luận, và các cách đánh giá độ lớn của kappa thu được cũng được xem xét. Vấn đề kiểm tra thống kê kappa được xem xét, bao gồm việc sử dụng khoảng tin cậy, và kích thước mẫu thích hợp cho các nghiên cứu độ tin cậy sử dụng kappa cũng được trình bày trong bảng. Kết luận. Bài báo kết thúc với các khuyến nghị cho việc sử dụng và diễn giải kappa.\u003C/jats:p>",{"EN":5331,"VI":5332},"The Kappa Statistic in Reliability Studies: Use, Interpretation, and Sample Size Requirements","Thống kê Kappa trong Nghiên cứu Độ tin cậy: Sử dụng, Diễn giải và Yêu cầu về Kích thước Mẫu",{"VOID":5334},"15733050",{"VOID":5336},"10.1093/ptj/85.3.257",[389],[391],"https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/85/3/257/2805022",[5341,5362],{"id":5342,"sortIndex":23,"researcher":22,"roles":5343,"affiliations":5344,"properties":5355},"14fc5b48-af22-4444-83ad-fd8c5f650f1f",[],[5345],{"id":5346,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":5347,"properties":22},"d983cb9f-fc79-4feb-bc2d-689028ae7013",{"id":5348,"createTime":5349,"updateTime":5349,"relativeEntities":5350,"slug":5351,"properties":5352,"entityType":200,"verifyStatus":386,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":386,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"503b6cdb-cda8-4622-8d87-2d3cccad9d7b","2024-10-07T19:56:55.667+00:00",[],"J-Sim-PhD-is-Professor-Primary-Care-Sciences-Research-Centre-Keele-University-Keele-Staffordshire-ST5-5BG-United-Kingdom",{"title":5353},{"EN":5354},"J Sim, PhD, is Professor, Primary Care Sciences Research Centre, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom",{"openalex":5356,"orcid":5358,"title":5360},{"VOID":5357},"A5064266461",{"VOID":5359},"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1816-1676",{"EN":5361},"Julius Sim",{"id":5363,"sortIndex":148,"researcher":22,"roles":5364,"affiliations":5365,"properties":5376},"cd176215-4ed4-4460-be83-3a4a0db3c178",[],[5366],{"id":5367,"sortIndex":23,"affiliation":5368,"properties":22},"770134c2-f661-41e4-8851-970e3f9ffe29",{"id":5369,"createTime":5370,"updateTime":5370,"relativeEntities":5371,"slug":5372,"properties":5373,"entityType":200,"verifyStatus":386,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":386,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23},"9ef5ad7b-3bde-4119-b203-e777a37405b5","2024-10-07T19:56:55.679+00:00",[],"CC-Wright-BSc-is-Principal-Lecturer-School-of-Health-and-Social-Sciences-Coventry-University-Coventry-United-Kingdom",{"title":5374},{"EN":5375},"CC Wright, BSc, is Principal Lecturer, School of Health and Social Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom",{"openalex":5377,"title":5379},{"VOID":5378},"A5083976725",{"EN":5380},"Christine Wright",{"url":22,"publisher":5382,"properties":5423},{"id":5383,"createTime":5384,"updateTime":5385,"relativeEntities":5386,"slug":5387,"properties":5388,"entityType":136,"verifyStatus":386,"verifyTime":22,"verifyNote":22,"syncStatus":386,"languages":22,"translateLanguages":22,"viewCount":23,"subjectFields":5398,"manageAffiliations":5399,"indexDatabases":5400,"url":5422,"thumbnailPath":22,"statistic":22,"gsStatistic":22,"type":22,"analyzePriority":22},"4b5f7a19-b41b-4982-ac14-17172d37529c","2023-05-29T11:29:38.617+00:00","2025-02-11T06:15:13.106+00:00",[],"Physical-Therapy",{"country":5389,"issn":5390,"introduce":5392,"eissn":5394,"title":5396},{"VOID":430},{"VOID":5391},"00319023",{"EN":5393},"PTJ publishes manuscripts from across the globe. PTJ gives priority to: - Articles that address important questions that will have an impact on physical therapy and rehabilitation. - Original research with strong methods and research designs that fit the questions being asked. - Articles that can help physical therapists and other rehabilitation professionals improve decision making in rehabilitation practice, policy, education, or research. - Articles that will facilitate the translation and implementation of evidence into practice and policy.",{"VOID":5395},"15386724",{"EN":5397},"Physical 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sequences in subjects with painful shoulders and knees, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 31, 432, 10.2519/jospt.2001.31.8.432",{"doi":5475},"10.2519/jospt.2001.31.8.432",{"id":22,"text":5477,"url":22,"identifiers":5478},"Kilpikoski, 2002, Interexaminer reliability of low back pain assessment using the McKenzie method, Spine, 27, E207, 10.1097/00007632-200204150-00016",{"doi":5479},"10.1097/00007632-200204150-00016",{"id":22,"text":5481,"url":22,"identifiers":5482},"Hannes, 2002, Multisurgeon assessment of coronal pattern classifications systems for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, Spine, 27, 762, 10.1097/00007632-200204010-00015",{"doi":5483},"10.1097/00007632-200204010-00015",{"id":22,"text":5485,"url":22,"identifiers":5486},"Speciale, 2002, Observer variability in assessing lumbar spinal stenosis severity on magnetic resonance imaging and its relation to cross-sectional spinal canal area, Spine, 27, 1082, 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J Clin Epidemiol, 41, 949, 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90031-5",{"doi":5591},"10.1016/0895-4356(88)90031-5",{"id":22,"text":5593,"url":22,"identifiers":5594},"Shoukri, 2004, Measures of Interobserver Agreement",{},{"id":22,"text":5596,"url":22,"identifiers":5597},"Brennan, 1981, Coefficient kappa: some uses, misuses, and alternatives, Educ Psychol Meas, 41, 687, 10.1177/001316448104100307",{"doi":5598},"10.1177/001316448104100307",{"id":22,"text":5600,"url":22,"identifiers":5601},"Hoehler, 2000, Bias and prevalence effects on kappa viewed in terms of sensitivity and specificity, J Clin Epidemiol, 53, 499, 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00174-2",{"doi":5602},"10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00174-2",{"id":22,"text":5604,"url":22,"identifiers":5605},"Cicchetti, 1990, High agreement but low kappa, II: resolving the paradoxes, J Clin Epidemiol, 43, 551, 10.1016/0895-4356(90)90159-M",{"doi":5606},"10.1016/0895-4356(90)90159-M",{"id":22,"text":5608,"url":22,"identifiers":5609},"Lantz, 1996, Behavior and interpretation of the κ statistic: resolution of the two paradoxes, J Clin Epidemiol, 49, 431, 10.1016/0895-4356(95)00571-4",{"doi":5610},"10.1016/0895-4356(95)00571-4",{"id":22,"text":5612,"url":22,"identifiers":5613},"Gjørup, 1988, The kappa coefficient and the prevalence of a diagnosis, Methods Inf Med, 27, 184, 10.1055/s-0038-1635539",{"doi":5614},"10.1055/s-0038-1635539",{"id":22,"text":5616,"url":22,"identifiers":5617},"Landis, 1977, The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data, Biometrics, 33, 159, 10.2307/2529310",{"doi":5618},"10.2307/2529310",{"id":22,"text":5620,"url":22,"identifiers":5621},"Fleiss, 1981, Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions",{},{"id":22,"text":5623,"url":22,"identifiers":5624},"Altman, 1991, Practical Statistics for Medical Research",{},{"id":22,"text":5626,"url":22,"identifiers":5627},"Shrout, 1998, Measurement reliability and agreement in psychiatry, Stat Methods Med Res, 7, 301, 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